SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE: Scientific and Clinical Insights into the Facial Application of Mineralizing Volcanic Water

April 2022 | Volume 21 | Issue 4 | Supplement Individual Articles | s3 | Copyright © April 2022


Published online March 31, 2022

Leon H. Kircik MD FAAD,a Valerie Callender MD,b Zoe Draelos MD,c Deirdre Hooper MD FAAD,d Jared Jagdeo MD,e Edward Lain MD,f Joshua Zeichner MD FAAD,g Kaitlyn M. Enright MSch

aIchan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN; Physicians Skin Care, PLLC, Louisville, KY; DermResearch, PLLC, Louisville, KY
bHoward University College of Medicine, Washington, DC; Callender Dermatology & Cosmetic Center, Glenn Dale, MD
cDermatology Consulting Services, PLLC, High Point, NC
dAudubon Dermatology, New Orleans, LA; Department of Dermatology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA; Department of Dermatology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
eDepartment of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY; Dermatology Service, NY Harbor VA-Brooklyn Campus, Dermatology Service, NY Harbor VA-Brooklyn Campus
fSanova Dermatology, Austin, TX
gCosmetic and Clinical Research in Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY
hKlynical Consulting & Services, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Abstract
Background: The term "exposome" describes the totality of exposures an individual is subjected to from conception to death. Both internal and external exposome factors affect skin health. External exposures that contribute to facial skin aging include solar radiation, air pollution, tobacco smoke, and unbalanced nutrition. The review explores scientific and clinical insights into the exposome impact on facial skin aging and topical mineralizing volcanic water use potential benefits.
Methods: An expert panel of seven dermatologists and two clinical researchers specializing in aesthetic and dermatological indications reviewed and discussed the literature on the exposome and mineralizing volcanic water's role in relation to the exposome. Two virtual advisory boards were conducted between February and May 2021. Following the meetings, an additional systematic literature review explored publications relevant to the exposome, topical essential minerals, and skin health. The results of the two advisory boards, coupled with expert opinion and the outcome of the updated systematic literature review, informed the statements on which the advisors reached a consensus.
Conclusions: A combination of in vivo, in vitro, and clinical data on topical mineralizing volcanic water application indicates that the serum supports the skin's antioxidant defenses and reduces skin inflammation. Additionally, the serum may have benefits as an adjunct for facial dermatoses and post-procedural skincare.

J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21:4(Suppl 1):s3-10.

INTRODUCTION

Skin Barrier Protection
The primary function of human skin is to act as a physical barrier, protecting the body from pathogens, chemicals, biological agents, and solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation throughout the lifespan.1 The skin provides essential physiological functions, including immune defense, free radical detoxification, antioxidant activity, thermoregulation, prevention of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), endocrine (eg, production of vitamin D), and metabolic mechanisms to sustain optimal health.2 The stratum corneum (SC) comprises up to twenty layers of corneocytes and intracellular lipids, which form an essential element of the skin barrier property. The corneocytes are flattened anucleated cells and consist of keratin filaments.3 They constitute ca. 85% of the total weight of dry SC and are associated with its mechanical properties.3 The corneocytes are embedded in a multi-lamellar lipid matrix structure.3,4 The SC lipids consist of ceramide, cholesterol, and fatty acids and contribute to maintaining a healthy permeability SC barrier.3,4

Essential Minerals for Skin Health
Essential minerals play physiologically necessary functions.4 Macrominerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium) are required for normal biological processes in large quantities. In contrast, trace elements or microminerals (iron, cobalt, copper, zinc,
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